Thomas Edison And The Light Bulb Essay - 2178 Words

Everyone in their lifetime has heard the name Thomas Edison at least once. However, if you asked those same people why Thomas Edison was so famous, ninety percent of the time they would tell you it was because he invented the light bulb, and each of them would be completely wrong. Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb; in fact, someone had the idea for it almost one hundred years before Mr. Edison was even born. To â€Å"invent† something means to come up with the idea in the first place, as well as to actually carry it out. In this paper I will give you insights into the life of Thomas Edison and explain why people get confused in thinking the light bulb was his idea. He also had several other interesting experiments, and we will take a look at what people thought of them. I believe Thomas Edison is one of the greatest minds that have ever existed on planet earth, and the rest of this paper will be devoted to showing you why this is true. If one stopped and thought about all the amazing and wonderful inventions that this world has ever seen, what would be number one on that list? Most people in today’s world would probably say items that they use on a daily basis. If we made a list of what some people might say, it might include such things as automobiles, their new iPhone, advancements in medicine, heaters, air conditioning, power tools, gaming systems, IPods, etc., and the list could go on and on. Though we could list thousands of inventions that have been trulyShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Incandescent Light Bulb By Thomas Alva Edison1540 Words   |  7 Pageswith no light, is a possible reality without the contributions of a single man. Thomas Alva Edison was a renowned American inventor of the nineteenth century who has contributed greatly to the world. Edison is most famously known for his invention of the incandescent light bulb, but many people are blind to his other achievements that have contributed immensely to society. There was more to Thomas Edison than his numerous inventions. Paul B. Israel, Director and General Editor of the Thomas A. EdisonRead More Thomas Alva Edison Essay578 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison was one of the greatest inventors. He was a smart man. Thomas invented many things such as the light bulb and phonograph. Without the light bulb we would still be using candles and lanterns like they did many years ago. Although Thomas was deaf he worked hard and never gave up. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He had many family members. He had a father named Samuel Odgen Edison and a mother named Nancy ElliottRead MoreThe Invention Of The Light Bulb1299 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered who invented the light bulb? Well here is some history on the inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas was on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He did many great inventions during his life. I will tell you later on in the paper about some of his inventions. In 1844- His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where Edison attended public school for only a total of 12 weeks. He was pulled out of the public school and home schooled due to being called a hyperactive child.Read MoreBiography of Thomas Edison1247 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wondered how the light bulb works? Do you know the genius brain behind the creation of the light bulb? It is a simple but really useful thing that can help us to pass our daily life. Edison is the man. He is one of the greatest inventors in the history. His creation had changed the world a long time ago. He was known to be one of the people with the most perseverance and patience. The light bulb we know today is one of his greatest and most influential inventions. Without his perseveranceRead MoreThe Success of Thomas Alva Edison857 Words   |  3 Pagescom) Thomas Edison said this when asked about his failure with the light bulb. Thomas Edison is not defined by his success alone; he is also defined by his failures. His first invention, an improved stock ticker, managed to gain him $40,000 before he turned 23. Thomas Edison is one of the most recognized and successful inventors in history. He is best known for â€Å"inventing† the light bulb. However, he didn’t invent it; he improved upon an earlier design. Yet he is remembered because his light bulbRead MoreThomas Edison’s History with the Incandescent Light Bulb670 Words   |  3 Pages Thomas Edison’s History with the Incandescent Light Bulb Who invented the light bulb? Only a few really know the true answer to this question. Most people around the US simply think that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. The story or â€Å"invention myth† behind the bulb varies drastically from the general public’s belief. The belief is that a lone inventor, Thomas Edison, sat down in his workshop and simply created the incandescent light bulb out of thin air. Edison in no way created the incandescentRead MoreThe Invention Of Thomas Edison Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Edison is probably one of the world greatest inventors and largest contributors to the modern world we live in. Think of the world where candles were used more than light bulbs and there was no way to listen to music without it being live, or watching a motion picture movie. It seems impossible to have a world without these things but if Edison did not invent the footing for these objects they might not exist. Edison one of the most accomplished inventors to ever exist, with over one thousandRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Alva Edison s Life1475 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Alva Edison was born February 11, 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last child born to Samuel Edison Jr. and Nancy Elliot Edison. He would be one of the four to survive to adulthood[1]. During the Civil War, Edison learned a lot about the emerging technology of telegraphy. He traveled around the country doing lots of work in this field. Edison began to develop serious hearing loss early in life, in which many believed came from a serious case of scarlet fever or some type of blowRead MoreGreat Invention in Electrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential900 Words   |  4 PagesElectrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential inventions in the word. It makes us work more productive at night and helps us enjoy more activities at night. It significantly change people lives all over the world. The born of light bulb also helped us by making more inventions that related to light, such as phones, televisions, and computes. By using light bulb, we actually reduced the probability of having fire accidents because if we don’t have light bulb, we will use candlesRead MoreThomas Edison s Greatest Patents1536 Words   |  7 PagesDate: Nov 3 2015 Thomas Edison s Greatest Patents Being an outstandingly successful inventor, scientist, and businessman, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that have influenced the lives of people all over the world. Although Thomas had grown up to become a well-known genius, he did not receive an official education like any normal child at the time. Thomas spent about 3 months in a traditional one-room schoolhouse with 38 other students. As a seven year old boy Thomas was a very curious

Major Incident 9 / 11 Terrorist Attack - 3586 Words

Major incident – 9/11 Terrorist Attack For the first part of this assignment the author will be distinguishing between what a Disaster is and what an Emergency is, going over the differences amongst them. Though they are both imply a direct threat and harm to humans and/or the environment, there definitions differ. An Emergency can be defined as â€Å"an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state that calls for immediate action; an urgent need for assistance or relief.† (Modern Survival Blog, 2014). An emergency situation will require attention right away, in some cases an emergency can lead up towards a disaster, but it can be as small as to only impact an individual person. A Disaster can be defined as â€Å"a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction; a sudden or great misfortune or failure â€Å"(Modern Survival Blog, 2014). A disaster is more than likely to affect more than one person and is also more likely to have a more devastating impact on the environment. The sheer size of the events should be taken into consideration in deciding whether or not something is a disaster or emergency, is the event widespread and will it impact the lives of countless people, such as the same impact a flood or tsunami would have. Or rather impact down to an individual who has suffered some sort of sudden health problem and requires help. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 says an emergency meaning can be the loss of life, human illness or injury, damageShow MoreRelatedScreening at Aiports After September 11, 2001 Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesOn September 11, 2001, there were a series of four coordinated attacks against the United States by a known terrorist group, Al-Qaeda, in New York City and Washington, D.C. (Associated Press, 2003). These attacks changed the security of aviation throughout the nation. After 9/11, the image of general aviation (GA) was tarnished because the 9/11 hijackers trained in small GA aircraft in the United States (Elias, 2010). Even though the hijackers trained on GA aircraft the area of aviation that experiencedRead MoreCombatting Against Terrorism Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesfrequency of terroristic threats and attacks in the 21st century outnumber the terroristic threats and attacks of the eighty years prior to the beginning of the 21st century, exhibiting the unfortunate fact that terrorism is a trending crime. Essentially, Terrorism has become the source of widely spread fear across the United States of America due to the increase in incidents of criminal activity such as the Boston Marathon bombing, the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and the anthrax letter mailings of 2001Read MoreCauses of Psychological Trauma and Its Effects on Young Arab Americans Post 9/111066 Words   |  5 Pagesanti-islamic hate crime incidents prior the terrorist attacks were 28. 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On September 11, an attack included three main targets – the World Trade Center, the PentagonRead MoreTerroism1408 Words   |  6 Pagesknowing when an attack will happen and the location. Terrorism not only effects the people but the government as well because its purpose is a political reason. According to  Federal Bureau Investigation   Ã‚  (2016), â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The United States has had many attacks and attempted attacks against theRead MoreReflection Of The 9 / 11 Dispute1065 Words   |  5 PagesJose Torres Dr. Becker English 111 Final Draft Due: September 2, 2015 Reflection of the 9/11 Dispute September 11, 2001 was a date where the world would change forever. In the morning of September 11, 2001, two full sized 767 Boeing passenger airplanes were hijacked and crashed directly into the admirably tall 110 story buildings at the World Trade Center in New York. The buildings that were damaged early in the morning proceeded to collapse at free fall speed immediately after the impact of eachRead MoreRole Of The Thief Takers During Early Civilizations913 Words   |  4 PagesSeventeenth-Century- English policing systems used a form of individual, private police called thief-takers. These private citizens had no official status and were paid by the king for every criminal arrest they made. They were similar to the bounty hunters. The major role of the thief-takers was to combat highway robbery committed by highwaymen. Often criminals would agree to become thief-takers and catch other criminals to receive pardon from the king for their own crimes. 3. Eighteenth and Nineteenth- DuringRead MoreShould the Al- Shabaab Be Put on the EU Listing for Terrorist?712 Words   |  3 PagesFollowing the recent attack on the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi by the Somali organisation al-Shabaab, it seems somewhat disingenuous to raise the question of whether or not such an entity should be considered a terrorist organisation. However, while al-Shabaab is considered a terrorist organisation by, among others, the US (1), Australia (2) and the UK (3), it is not currently included in the EU list of terrorist groups and entities (4). A recent motion to include al-Shabaab in this list hasRead MoreIs Terrorism An Insurable Risk?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesa) is terrorism an insurable risk? Terrorism is considered insurable until the insurmountable loss of the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Prior to 9/11, terrorism did not consider a risk by insurance companies and was covered in most standard all-risks commercial and homeowners policies’ that covered property and contents damages. However, the extreme event of September 11 accumulated a loss of approximately $40 billion and the magnitude of this loss was too large for the insuranceRead MoreInformative Essay On War On Terrorism1473 Words   |  6 Pagesstruck on 11 September 2001. On this unusual morning, two planes, Flight 11 and Flight 175, crashed hitting the North and South Tower of the World Trade Center, killed everyone on board and hundreds inside the World Trade Center. Flight 77, which crashed into the Pentagon, killed a total of 184 military and civilian personnel. Flight 93 crashed in Pennsylvania killing forty passengers. The Bush administration declared the War on Terror after mo re than 3,000 people were killed. Since the attack that started

Economic Analysis of Germany

Question: Discuss about theEconomic Analysis of Germany. Answer: Germany in central Western Europe is a federal republic. It is regarded as Europes strongest economy, accounting fourth largest nominal GDP in the world and for GDP (PPP), fifth largest. The countrys economic form is based on social market economy. It is also regarded as the biggest capital exporter globally after its highest traded surplus of $285 billion recorded in 2014 and also the 3rd largest exporter globally. 70% of Germanys total GDP is due to service sector contribution, industry contributes 29.1% and 0.9% contributed by agriculture (The Economist, 2016). In the following sections we look into various other economic factors which shows how Germany had been performing over the years. Analysis of Production Output Performance While analyzing the performance of an economy a number of indicators are considered. The key indicators are nominal GDP, real GDP and per capita GDP. Gross domestic product or GDP is the total amount of final goods and services produced in monetary terms within a countrys borders at a specific point of time or period (Mankiw, 2003). The GDP calculated at current market prices is known as the nominal GDP whereas Real GDP is the GDP calculated adjusting for inflation based on the prices of some base year. The total GDP divided by the countrys total population is called the real GDP per capita. This indicator helps in comparing a countrys performance to another country. Real GP per capita or real GDP are regarded as suitable measures of economic activity because these take price fluctuations into account (Samuelson et al, 2010). We can see the trends in these indicators of Germany in the table given below. We consider the data for the country from 2005 to 2015. We see that the minimu nominal GDP had been in 2005 which had been on an increasing trend till 2014 with few dips in between. But after 2014, the GDP has significantly fallen in 2015. A clearer picture can be obtained from the real GDP values which also shows an increasing trend with dips in 2009 to 2010 and then the highest dip in 2015. On the other hand the GDP per capita has been on a consistent trend after 2005 with highest being in 2015. The real GDP growth rate shows that the economy faced a recession in 2009 because of the global financial crisis which cause a dip in growth rate by -5.62%, though it again rose to 4.1% in 2010 but had been low in 2012, 2013 and also considerably in 2014. The years after 2010, were overshadowed by the Euro-zone crisis which resulted in fall in demand in Europes southern countries. The federal government of Germany plays a very important role in the countrys economy both directly and indirectly. The government makes influential changes via reforms and policies. The many offices in the government has wide ranging effects on the economy. The government had made effective changes via its socio-economic welfare schemes, tax decisions and investments in energy, education, research and science. The government had been targeting the strengthening of both private and public sector investments in the country and the formation of a modern and efficient infrastructure along with pro-growth fiscal consolidation. In 2014, for the first time the federal budget did not require any kind of net new borrowing and also the 2016 budget draft also doesnt include new debts. The European Commissions investment initiative is also welcomed by the government. Fiscal policies of increased government expenditures or reduction in taxes increase aggregate demand in the economy which boosts output and economic growth. Expansionary monetary policies which increases money supply and reduces interest rates induces rise in investment and hence boosting the GDP of an economy (Mankiw, 2007). Year Nominal GDP (Current US $) Real GDP GDP per capita Real GDP growth rate (annual %) 2005 2861410272354 30177172367 38971.64189 0.706713948 2006 3002446368084 31568592648 40459.26614 3.700159572 2007 3439953462907 35564993567 41834.35772 3.260535297 2008 3752365607148 38472258386 42367.61987 1.082315404 2009 3418005001389 34439033759 40088.49145 -5.618860435 2010 3417298013245 34172980132 41788.04479 4.079933305 2011 3757464553795 37176677787 43306.50245 3.660000155 2012 3539615377795 34502743504 44223.65407 0.405170675 2013 3745317149399 35760363744 43433.55434 0.297847586 2014 3868291231824 36304896519 44755.17894 1.599770392 2015 3355772429855 30859428968 45269.78914 1.687723781 Source: World Bank Data Source: World Bank Data Source: World Bank Data Source: World Bank Data Analysis of Labor Market The percentage of total persons unemployed in a country out of the total labor force is known as the unemployment rate of that country (Lipsey et al, 2011). Unemployment is of 4 types. These are: Structural unemployment: Unemployment caused due the labor market inefficiencies and the structural problem in the economy. Example: Industrial revolution introduced weaving machines which caused weavers to be jobless. Frictional unemployment: Shifting of people from one job to another or people in search of new jobs. Example: An individual quitting if he/she dislikes their job or getting fired for poor work. Cyclical unemployment: When there is a lack of adequate aggregate demand in the economy there is lesser jobs and hence resulting in individuals to be unemployed who are actively searching for jobs. Example: Low aggregate demand at recession periods resulting in less creation of jobs. Classical unemployment: Real wages for a specific job is put above the clearing price of the labor market (Sikder, 2006) We see the trends in the unemployment rates of Germany since 2005 to 2015 in the table given below. A graphical representation of the trend is also seen in the graph. As we see in the table, the unemployment rate of Germany had been the highest in 2005 and had been decreasing since then reaching its minimum in 2014, i.e., 5%, which is considerably low. Hence, Germanys unemployment rates had been decreasing considerably over the years with significant low unemployment in the present time. The data shows the improvement in the German labor market despite the European crisis. YEAR UNEMPLOYMNET RATES (%) 2005 11.10000038 2006 10.30000019 2007 8.600000381 2008 7.5 2009 7.699999809 2010 7.099999905 2011 5.900000095 2012 5.400000095 2013 5.300000191 2014 5 Source: World Bank Data Source: World Bank Data The steady decline in unemployment over the years is due to some particular reasons. These are: Fall in the working age population higher growth during the crisis short-time working also increased wages are also seen to have risen much less than productivity The labor market is said to have profoundly changed because of the Hartz reforms implemented between the years 2003 and 2005. (Bauer, 2013) It is seen to appear that the fall in the German unemployment is of the structural type. Since, 2005 wages are seen to increase by just 2% though the unemployment rate had been halved. The term sclerosis is also often used to characterize the German labor market to indicate the phenomenon where rigidities in the country leads to an economic structure which is less flexible implying a sluggish labor market. Hence the type of unemployment in the country is generally found to be structural in nature. The recent low levels of unemployment is generally because of the fall in the working age population and high growth whereas in previous periods the type of unemployment in the country had been because of the structural changes coming in economy (Institute for employment research, 2015). German government had opted for various labor market reforms and wage constraints to accomplish its objective to achieve full employment. Germanys unemployment as seen had considerably declined over the years resulting to low levels of employment. The wage restraint and Hartz reforms (Krebs, 2010) before 2005 had contributed to the fall in the structural unemployment which included decrease in wage unit costs and provision of benefits and support to the jobless. In general, the government curbs unemployment by fiscal and monetary policies. Increase in government expenditures, increases aggregate demand, inducing firms to produce more hence hiring more workers which reduce unemployment. Monetary policies also help in reducing unemployment. For instance, expansionary monetary policies, increases the money supply in the economy, lowering interest rates and hence increasing investments which boosts employment (Schnieder et al, 2010). Analysis of the Price Level Inflation is the persistent increase in the price level of an economy. Inflation can be caused from sources resulting from either the demand side or the supply side. A state of full employment in an economy results in an increase in the aggregate demand which gives rise to a situation of excess demand causing prices to rise. (Sowel, 2010) This kind of inflation is called demand pull inflation. As for the supply side, firms often pass on rising costs to consumers in form of higher prices charged which causes cost push inflation. The following table shows the trends in the inflation rates of Germany since 2005 to 2015. The inflation rates are seen to be more or less in the initial years though reaching its highest in 2013 with 2.09% and its second highest in 2015 with an inflation rate of 2.06%. The graph gives us a clearer insight into the peaks and dips of the inflation rates showing us how prices have fluctuated in Germany over the years. We hence, see that the inflation rates do show that the inflation rates in the country had been considerably low over the time periods. The low trend in inflation for too long also is not seen by the economy too optimistically as it results in lower investments, less jobs and hence low economic activity. The European Central Bank has set certain objectives to give a push on inflation upwards hence, focusing on price stability. The major causes of the low inflation are considered as global factors which may be settled with time (Watkins). The ECB had been focusing on various monetary policies to bring inflation up (ECB, 2016). The government takes in various measures to bring price stability in the economy via fiscal and monetary policies. Monetary policies which reduce the money supply in an economy is called contractionary monetary policy. This results in fall in spending and hence, reduced aggregate demand. Lower demand causes fall in prices and hence curbing inflation. Policies adopted by the government in form of reduced expenditures are fiscal policies which also educe demand and hence lowers price (Bromley, 2015). YEAR INFLATION 2005 0.620694358 2006 0.304045355 2007 1.697387271 2008 0.838791683 2009 1.7569942 2010 0.757704408 2011 1.070476908 2012 1.502824785 2013 2.090240731 2014 1.734273628 2015 2.058846634 Source: World Bank Data Source: World Bank Data Conclusion In the above sections we saw how the German economy has evolved over the time periods with increase in real GDP, significant decrease in unemployment and an overall consistently low levels of inflation rates since 2005 to 2015. The data and trends in those, show the economy had been performing really well. The government also had been taking necessary reforms to increase the total labor force with the fall in the working age population and also focusing on bringing price stability by prober monetary policies. The economy had also gone through the the global economic crisis and had been able to come out of it effectively bouncing back to higher economic growth. The country had evolved with increasing standard of living of the people, maintaining norms of sustainable development. References Samuelson, P. Nordhaus, W. (2010). Economics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Lipsey, R. Chrystal, A. (2011). Economics. New Delhi : Oxford Mankiw, G. (2007). Economics: principles and applications. New Delhi: Cengage learning Sowell, T. (2010). Basic economics. USA: Basic books Sikdar,S. ( 2006). Principles of Macroeconomics. New Delhi: Oxford. Mankiw, G. (2003). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth publishers, Schneider, H Zimmermann, M. (2010). Strategies to achieve full employment in Germany. Available at: https://ftp.iza.org/pp15.pdf [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] Institute for employment research. (2015). Structural employment in selected countries. Available at: https://doku.iab.de/aktuell/2015/aktueller_bericht_1504.pdf [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] Bauer, G. (2013). Unemployment in Germany. Available at: https://graphitepublications.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Unemployment-in-Germany.pdf [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] European Central Bank. (2016). ECBs fight against low inflation. Available at: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2016/html/sp160404.en.html [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] Bromley, R. (2015) Nominal growth real growth and the inflation rate. https://www.raybromley.com/notes/realnominterest.html [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] Krebs, T. (2013). German labor reforms. Available at: https://voxeu.org/article/german-labour-reforms-unpopular-success [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] The Economist. (2016). Germany. Available at: https://country.eiu.com/germany [Accessed: 15 November. 2016] Watkins, T. Economic history of Germany. Available at: https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/germany.htm [Accessed: 15 November. 2016]

Witch Of Wall Street - Hetty Green Essays - Economy,

Witch Of Wall Street - Hetty Green The Witch of Wall Street A musical based on the life of America's first great female financier, Hetty Green After watching the play, The Witch of Wall Street, and giving it a lot of thought I have analyzed the questions we were given and decided that just answering one wouldn't do the play or the storyline any justice. Therefore I have decided to run through the play in segments answering all five questions in the process of doing so. 1- Describe the plot of the play. 2- Describe the obstacles and opportunities Hetty Green had in the result of her success. 3- What were the main benefactors and antagonizers. The lifetime accomplishments of Hetty Green all started at a young and tender age when she would hang around the docks her father owned, where she was instilled with a certain attitude towards business. She was quite a tomboy, understanding the lingo of the whalers and learning the business. She was her fathers pride and joy, quick to numbers, always giving him the answers he wanted. Her mother, who was an ill and frail woman, was unhappy that she wasn't like other girls her age. While her father blamed her mother for not even being able to produce a son, Hetty, mature and sensitive for her age continued to only do one thing; be the best in her father's eyes. Competitiveness, the need to be successful and the desire to be only the best reigned her persona. Hetty's mother warned her daughter that her father was a shrewd and selfish man. She made sure to tell Hetty that when she died, the entire business would belong to her, despite her father's words? She warned her daughter not to trust anyone, while Hetty would cry to her, promising to make her happy, be rich and successful and buy her mother a beautiful big house. After her mother died, Hetty was introduced to the cold brutality of the world and it was the first notch of trust she lost in her father. Right after the funeral the lawyer announced that all assets would belong to Robinson. Hetty protested to her father questioning what would happen to his promise of Robinson and Daughter? To which her father, aptly - as was his ability to do, turned the entire scenario around, first slapping her and throwing a huge guilt trip on her, which made her apologize for not trusting him? Robinson and Daughter would do just fine in his hands? As Hetty grew older, watching the docks, little did sh e realize that her father was scheming and running the business according to his desire without consulting her. One day as she was watching the big ships with her father, she noticed something odd and questioned where they were going? After her father tried to dodge the question for a little bit by marveling at how pretty and tall she has become, he answered sheepishly that they were going to be sunk and sold for the war efforts. This was an investment for himself (as he thought) for after the war. Hetty is struck by a forceful thought; she can never trust anyone. This part of her growing up had a major effect on the way she conducted her business. Hetty grew up with a protective shell, juggling the balls in a way to keep both her parents happy, having to keep up with her father's ridiculous expectations. He himself wasn't able to keep his word; she lost trust in him at a young age. When Hetty grew older and attended a school for fine young girls she was quick to realize that she was an outcast, she had no social skills, she had no interest in the petty things other girls her age wanted and was on an extremely different wavelength than the rest of them. This formed her to a greater extent. She was a tough nut to crack and for one reason ? she learned that the best defense against the world was beating them at their own game. Hetty was still unmarried at the age of twenty-five. Once again, her father, the cunning shrewd man that he was, got her to play his game, and set her